This is an article introducing the ESTILL voice model and its translation into English. The ESTILL voice model was developed by Marquette University Linguistics Professor Kenneth Estill and his colleague Geoffrey Meek, and explores how natural languages work on three levels of structure: phonological, morphological, and syntactic. This article offers five different responses to the question "Why do languages change?" with examples from English, Japanese, German, Spanish, and French. One key idea is that language change can occur within a single language (e.g., cases where words become new nouns or verbs), but more often happens through interlanguage contact (i.e., languages borrow words from other languages). The article then goes into detail about the ESTILL model, laying out its three-tiered structure and explaining how it differs from other typological models. The next two sections address the levels of analysis within each tier, taking a case study approach to a handful of languages. The article concludes with a discussion of professor Estill's plans for the future. The article is structured in the following manner: Section 1: Why do languages change? provides examples of language change in English, Japanese, German, Spanish, and French. Languages are faced with a limited set of sounds to produce vocabulary. This can lead to sounds being changed to other sounds for easier pronunciation or made into an entirely different sound. Languages also have limits on how many words can be created based on their morphology. For example, English allows for adding "-ed" to certain verbs to make them past tense (walked), but other languages may not have this feature (e.g., German). Languages also have limits regarding how grammatically complex they can get (e.g. Japanese does not have a future tense). Language change can occur within a single language but more often occurs through interlanguage contact. Section 2: The ESTILL model provides explanations and examples of the ESTILL model and how it differs from other typological models. Section 3: Phonological analysis discusses the phonological level of structure including syllables, phonological features, and phonemes. The phoneme is the smallest unit in a language capable of distinguishing meaning (e.g., "p" versus "b"). The phoneme must be contrastive, meaning that it must differentiate between at least two meanings or sounds. Contrastive oppositions result from differences in place of articulation (e.g. "p" vs. "b" as the result of bilabial versus labiodental), manner of articulation (e.g. "p" vs. "b" as the result of stop versus fricative), and voicing. Phonological features are the phonetic properties of a speech sound, such as place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. They are also capable of distinguishing meaning since they can be contrastive just like phonemes (e.g., differentiating between final "t" and final "d"). However, features are produced with an underlying uniform feature that can be removed by a process called neutralization – i.e. 8eeb4e9f32 41
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